Lecture Abstract: Pneumatology is by and large a Christian enterprise. From a theological perspective, this may be acceptable; from a biblical perspective, it is not. The agency that Christians would attribute to the Holy Spirit arose, not with Christian doctrine and experience, but five hundred years earlier, when two Israelite prophets imputed agency to the Holy Spirit. Prior to the return from Babylonian captivity in 539 BCE, the spirit was deemed to be active-but not an agent acting on God's behalf. This scenario changed when post-exilic prophets Haggai and the author of Isaiah 56-66 accomplished something unprecedented: they introduced the Holy Spirit into the traditions of the exodus, in which God had rescued Israel from Egypt through a cadre of divine agents-pillars, an angel, clouds. Now, claimed these prophets, the Holy Spirit took on the role of those agents by standing in Israel's midst and guiding them to the promised land. This observation traces the essence of Christian pneumatology deep into the heart of the Hebrew scriptures. Taking this point of origin as our guide, Christian pneumatology is less about an exclusively Christian experience or doctrine and more about the presence of God in the grand scheme of Israel's history-and Christianity as ancient Israel's heir.